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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes global monetary cooperation, financial stability, and international trade.
The price-to-earnings ratio is a valuation metric that compares a company's current share price to its earnings per share, and it indicates how much investors are willing to pay for each dollar of a company's earnings.
The Bloomberg Magnificent 7 Total Return Index is an equity benchmark that tracks the performance of a fixed basket of seven large-cap U.S. technology and growth stocks.
The MSCI Emerging Markets Index captures large and mid cap representation across 24 Emerging Markets (EM) countries.
The MSCI World All Cap Index captures large, mid, small and micro cap representation across 23 Developed Markets (DM) countries.
The MSCI World ex USA All Cap Index captures large, mid, small and micro cap representation across 22 of 23 Developed Markets (DM) countries (excluding the United States).
The S&P MidCap 400 is a benchmark index that tracks the performance of 400 midsized publicly traded companies in the United States.
The S&P 500 Index is a stock market index weighted by market capitalization that is made up of 500 of the largest public companies in the United States.
The S&P 500 Value Index measures constituents from the S&P 500 that are classified as value stocks based on three factors: the ratios of book value, earnings and sales to price.
All investing involves risk, including the risk of loss.
Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Investments cannot be made directly in an index.
AI technology companies are sensitive to specific risks such as small markets, business cycle changes, economic growth, technological progress, obsolescence, and regulation. These companies may have limited products, markets, resources, or personnel, making their securities more volatile, especially for smaller start-ups. Rapid technological changes can adversely affect their results. AI companies often rely on patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets to protect their technology, but there is no guarantee these protections will be sufficient. Significant R&D spending does not ensure product or service success.
This does not constitute a recommendation of any investment strategy or product for a particular investor. Investors should consult a financial professional before making any investment decisions.
Cash flow is the net amount of cash and cash equivalents generated by a business.
Investments in companies located or operating in Greater China are subject to the following risks: nationalization, expropriation, or confiscation of property, difficulty in obtaining and/or enforcing judgments, alteration or discontinuation of economic reforms, military conflicts, and China’s dependency on the economies of other Asian countries, many of which are developing countries.
Diversification does not guarantee a profit or eliminate the risk of loss.
Fiscal stimulus is government actions aimed at boosting economic activity, typically through increased spending or reduced taxes.
The risks of investing in securities of foreign issuers, including emerging market issuers, can include fluctuations in foreign currencies, political and economic instability, and foreign taxation issues.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a broad indicator of a region’s economic activity, measuring the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced in that region over a specified period of time.
Inflation is the rate at which the general price level for goods and services is increasing.
Investments in real estate-related instruments may be affected by economic, legal, or environmental factors that affect property values, rents, or occupancies of real estate. Real estate companies, including REITs or similar structures, tend to be small and mid-cap companies, and their shares may be more volatile and less liquid.
Private credit is debt financing provided by nonbank lenders, such as private equity firms and investment banks, to private companies, and is not traded on public markets.
Stocks of small- and mid-sized companies tend to be more vulnerable to adverse developments, may be more volatile, and may be illiquid or restricted as to resale.
In general, stock values fluctuate, sometimes widely, in response to activities specific to the company as well as general market, economic, and political conditions.
Many products and services offered in technology-related industries are subject to rapid obsolescence, which may lower the value of the issuers.
The opinions referenced above are those of the author as of December 1 ,2025. These comments should not be construed as recommendations, but as an illustration of broader themes. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future results. They involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions; there can be no assurance that actual results will not differ materially from expectations.